- Mrs. Victoria Spartz
- Current Republican Representative
- Indiana District 05
- Official Website
Voting record, 119th Congress
How these are counted
Attendance is the share of roll calls held while the member was in office on which they voted Yea, Nay or Present. A party-line vote is a roll call on which a majority of Republicans voted against a majority of Democrats. Voting with the Republican majority is the share of the member’s cast votes on those roll calls that matched that majority.
Last 10 votes cast
| Date | Measure | Question | Vote | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 16, 2026 | S. 2403Retire through Ownership Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9497Water Resources Development Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9340Ratepayer Protection Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.J.Res. 213Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to the “California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Commercial Harbor Craft Regulations; Notice of Decision” | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 10326PROOF Act | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9576National Fraud Enforcement Division Act | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 5334An Act to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow early childhood educators to take the educator expense deduction, and for other purposes | On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendments | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.Con.Res. 93Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran | On Agreeing to the Resolution | Nay | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.J.Res. 210Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to “California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Ocean-Going Vessels At-Berth; Notice of Decision” | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.R. 9500Tax Relief for Fraud Victims Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
Latest 10 votes against the Republican majority
| Date | Measure | Member voted | Party majority |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 21, 2026 | H.R. 8800 | Yea | Nay |
| Jun 30, 2026 | H.Res. 1398Providing for consideration of the bills H.R. 8800, H.R. 8595, and H.R. 8884; and providing for consideration of the resolution H. Res. 1383 | Nay | Yea |
| Apr 30, 2026 | H.R. 7567 | Yea | Nay |
| Apr 17, 2026 | H.Res. 1175Providing for consideration of the bill (H.R. 8035) to amend the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 to extend the authorities of title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 through October 20, 2027, and for other purposes | Nay | Yea |
| Feb 24, 2026 | S. 2503ROTOR Act | Yea | Nay |
| Feb 3, 2026 | H.R. 7148Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026 | Nay | Yea |
| Sep 19, 2025 | H.R. 5371Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2026 | Nay | Yea |
| Sep 16, 2025 | H.Res. 707Providing for consideration of the bills H.R. 4922, H.R. 5143, H.R. 5140, H.R. 5125, H.R. 1047, H.R. 3015, and H.R. 3062; and for other purposes | Nay | Yea |
| Sep 10, 2025 | H.R. 3838 | Yea | Nay |
| Jul 15, 2025 | H.Res. 580Providing for consideration of the bills (H.R. 4016) Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026; (H.R. 3633) CLARITY Act; (H.R. 1919) Anti-CBDC Surveillance State Act; and (S. 1582) GENIUS Act | Nay | Yea |
Source: Congress.gov API · through the House’s last vote, Sep 16, 2026 · House Clerk roll calls
Bills, 119th Congress
How these are counted
Sponsored counts every bill and resolution the member introduced; cosponsored excludes withdrawn cosponsorships. A cross-party cosponsorship is cosponsoring a measure whose sponsor belongs to another party. The last figure is the share of the member’s H.R. or S. bills with at least one cosponsor from another party.
Policy areas of the bills sponsored or cosponsored
| Policy area | Bills | |
|---|---|---|
| Health | 12 | |
| International Affairs | 7 | |
| Government Operations and Politics | 7 | |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 7 | |
| Energy | 4 |
Policy areas are assigned by the Congressional Research Service, one per bill. Top five shown.
Source: GovInfo BILLSTATUS · as of Oct 27, 2026
Sponsored legislation, newest first
Includes earlier Congresses; the figures above cover the current one.
-
HR.10526 - 2026-09-21
To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 501 West Memorial Drive in Muncie, Indiana, as the "Officer Blake A. Reynolds Post Office Building". -
HR.10463 - 2026-09-16
Combat Veterans Retirement Restoration Act -
HR.10177 - 2026-08-27
Competition in State Healthcare Markets Act -
HR.9658 - 2026-07-13
Nuclear Regulatory Modernization Act of 2026 -
HR.7849 - 2026-03-05
Farm Equipment Safety Act -
HR.7851 - 2026-03-05
Checkoff Transparency Act -
HR.7850 - 2026-03-05
Farm Freedom to Repair Act -
HR.3222 - 2025-05-06
SMART Health Care Act -
HR.3018 - 2025-04-24
Restoring Rights of Medical Residents Act -
HR.3017 - 2025-04-24
Measuring State Healthcare Freedom Act -
HR.3016 - 2025-04-24
Combatting Hospital Monopolies Act -
HR.3019 - 2025-04-24
Holding Nonprofit Hospitals Accountable Act -
HR.3020 - 2025-04-24
Addressing Anti-Competitive Health Care Contract Clauses Act -
HR.3021 - 2025-04-24
Empowering Patient Choice of Medical Care Act -
HR.3023 - 2025-04-24
Preventing Hospital Overbilling of Medicare Act -
HR.3022 - 2025-04-24
Restoring Rights of Physicians to Own Hospitals Act -
HR.1895 - 2025-03-06
Delphi Retirees Pension Restoration Act
Votes by issue, 119th Congress
This is not a left–right score. A vote against the party can come from either side of it; the list below shows who else voted the same way.
| Issue | Votes | With the Republican majority | Against both parties | With the Democratic majority | Rank among Republicans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economics and Public Finance | 56 | 80.4% | 8 | 3 | 149th of 223 |
| Armed Forces and National Security | 54 | 88.9% | 4 | 2 | 169th of 225 |
| Energy | 29 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (200) |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 27 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (200) |
| Government Operations and Politics | 25 | 96.0% | 1 | 0 | 216th of 220 |
| Environmental Protection | 24 | 95.8% | 1 | 0 | 113th of 219 |
| International Affairs | 23 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (135) |
| Congress | 22 | 95.5% | 1 | 0 | 143rd of 219 |
| Finance and Financial Sector | 22 | 90.9% | 2 | 0 | 196th of 220 |
| Public Lands and Natural Resources | 21 | 95.2% | 1 | 0 | 164th of 220 |
| Commerce | 18 | 77.8% | 4 | 0 | 193rd of 220 |
| Immigration | 15 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (209) |
| Agriculture and Food | 12 | 75.0% | 2 | 1 | 179th of 212 |
| Education | 12 | 91.7% | 1 | 0 | 156th of 208 |
| Science, Technology, Communications | 11 | 81.8% | 2 | 0 | 175th of 194 |
| Other issues (15)Fewer than 10 votes each: Taxation, Labor and Employment, Transportation and Public Works, Emergency Management, Health, Native Americans, Housing and Community Development, Law, Animals, Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues, Foreign Trade and International Finance, Families, Social Welfare, Water Resources Development, Arts, Culture, Religion | 63 | 92.1% | 4 | 1 | — |
Rank: 1st = voted with the Republican majority most often on that issue, among House Republicans who cast at least 10 votes on it.
Votes against the Republican majority, by issue
Economics and Public Finance · 11
- Jul 15, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8595 · Making appropriations for national security, Department of State, and related programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2027, and for other purposes.
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 78 other Republicans. - May 15, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8469 · Making appropriations for military construction, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2027, and fo…
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 79 other Republicans. - Feb 3, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 7148 · Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Nay; most Republicans voted Yea, most Democrats Nay. Also voting Nay: 20 other Republicans. - Jan 22, 2026 · H.R. 7148 · Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 23 other Republicans; 64 Democrats. - Jan 8, 2026 · H.R. 6938 · Commerce, Justice, Science; Energy and Water Development; and Interior and Environment Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 21 other Republicans; 6 Democrats: Jason Crow, Henry Johnson, Joe Neguse, Brittany Pettersen, Rashida Tlaib, Juan Vargas. - Jan 8, 2026 · H.R. 6938 · Commerce, Justice, Science; Energy and Water Development; and Interior and Environment Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 39 other Republicans; 7 Democrats: Jason Crow, Diana DeGette, Henry Johnson, Joe Neguse, Brittany Pettersen, Rashida Tlaib, Juan Vargas. - Sep 19, 2025 · H.R. 5371 · Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2026
Voted Nay; most Republicans voted Yea, most Democrats Nay. Also voting Nay: 1 other Republican: Thomas Massie. - Sep 4, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4553 · Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - Sep 3, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4553 · Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 76 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - and 1 more
Armed Forces and National Security · 6
- Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 89 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 58 other Republicans; 6 Democrats: Jake Auchincloss, Shomari Figures, Chrissy Houlahan, Betty McCollum, Marilyn Strickland, George Whitesides. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 60 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 64 other Republicans. - Sep 10, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3838 · Streamlining Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 59 other Republicans. - Sep 10, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3838 · Streamlining Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 48 other Republicans.
Government Operations and Politics · 1
- Mar 3, 2025 · H.R. 758 · Mail Traffic Deaths Reporting Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 15 other Republicans.
Environmental Protection · 1
- Sep 15, 2026 · H.R. 2140 · Diesel Emissions Reduction Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 78 other Republicans.
Congress · 1
- Mar 4, 2026 · H.Res. 1100 · Directing the Committee on Ethics to preserve and publicly release records of the Committee’s review of violations or alleged violations of clause 9 (as it per…
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 37 other Republicans; 27 Democrats.
Finance and Financial Sector · 2
- Dec 11, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3383 · Incentivizing New Ventures and Economic Strength Through Capital Formation Act of 2025
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 52 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Sharice Davids. - Jul 23, 2025 · H.R. 3357 · Enhancing Multi-Class Share Disclosures Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 30 other Republicans.
Public Lands and Natural Resources · 1
- Mar 17, 2026 · H.R. 4294 · MAWS Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 64 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher.
Commerce · 4
- Mar 17, 2026 · S. 3971 · Small Business Innovation and Economic Security Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 39 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher. - Jan 20, 2026 · H.R. 5763 · Main Street Parity Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 5 other Republicans: Josh Brecheen, Warren Davidson, Pat Harrigan, Brad Knott, Keith Self; 2 Democrats: Sharice Davids, Lizzie Fletcher. - Jun 23, 2025 · H.R. 3422 · Promoting Opportunities for Non-Traditional Capital Formation Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 86 other Republicans. - Apr 28, 2025 · H.R. 973 · Setting Consumer Standards for Lithium-Ion Batteries Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 41 other Republicans.
Agriculture and Food · 3
- Apr 30, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 7567 · Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 72 other Republicans. - Apr 30, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 7567 · Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 66 other Republicans; 2 Democrats: Marie Perez, Chellie Pingree. - Apr 14, 2026 · H.R. 1011 · Emergency Conservation Program Improvement Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 9 other Republicans.
Education · 1
- Mar 4, 2026 · H.R. 6472 · Territorial Student Access to Higher Education Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 70 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher.
Science, Technology, Communications · 2
- Jul 15, 2025 · H.R. 1717 · Communications Security Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 31 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Ayanna Pressley. - Mar 25, 2025 · H.R. 1534 · IMPACT Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 72 other Republicans.
Transportation and Public Works · 1
- Feb 24, 2026 · S. 2503 · ROTOR Act
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 76 other Republicans.
Emergency Management · 1
- Nov 19, 2025 · H.R. 4058 · Enhancing Stakeholder Support and Outreach for Preparedness Grants Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 44 other Republicans.
Native Americans · 1
- Mar 4, 2026 · S. 723 · Tribal Trust Land Homeownership Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 38 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher.
Animals · 1
- Feb 4, 2025 · H.R. 776 · Nutria Eradication and Control Reauthorization Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 55 other Republicans.
Foreign Trade and International Finance · 1
- Jan 12, 2026 · H.R. 6504 · Haiti Economic Lift Program Extension Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 44 other Republicans.
How these are counted
Each roll call takes the policy area the Library of Congress gave the bill it is about; a vote on an amendment counts under its bill. 468 of the House’s 676 roll calls this Congress have an issue. Left out as procedural (208): votes on House rules and the previous question, motions to recommit or adjourn, quorum calls and the Speaker election. “With the Republican majority” counts every issue vote on which most Republicans voted the same way, Yea or Nay. “Against both parties” = most Republicans and most Democrats voted one way and this member the other. “With the Democratic majority” = a party-line vote (most of each party on opposite sides) on which this member sided with the Democrats. Independents count with the party they caucus with.
Source: votes: Congress.gov API / Clerk of the House · issue areas: Library of Congress policy areas · votes through Sep 16, 2026
Committee assignments
| Committee | Role | Side | Seniority rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joint Economic Committee | Member | Majority | 6 |
Seniority rank is the member’s order among their own party’s members on that committee; 1 is the most senior.
Source: congress-legislators (CC0) · as of Oct 27, 2026
Floor remarks, 119th Congress
A day can hold several Record items, so the item counts can exceed the days. Extensions of Remarks are statements a House member submits for the Record rather than speaks on the floor.
Source: GovInfo Congressional Record · Record issues through Oct 22, 2026
Loading their remarks from the Congressional Record…
| Congress | Years | Chamber | Role | State | District |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 119th Congress | 2025–present | House of Representatives | Representative | Indiana (IN) | 5 |
| 118th Congress | 2023–2025 | House of Representatives | Representative | Indiana (IN) | 5 |
| 117th Congress | 2021–2023 | House of Representatives | Representative | Indiana (IN) | 5 |
Elections
Elected to the 117th Congress on November 3, 2020; reelected to each succeeding Congress.1
The election history as listed in the Congressional Directory.
Sources
- Official Congressional Directory, 119th Congress (February 20, 2026 edition). U.S. Government Publishing Office for the Joint Committee on Printing.
Researched Oct 28, 2026. Each fact was checked against a saved copy of its source.
Campaign money, 2025–26 election cycle
Where the money came from
| Source | Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals, itemizeddonors giving more than $200 in the cycle, named in filings | $908,399 | 41.4% | |
| Individuals, unitemized$200 or less in the cycle, not named | $476,100 | 21.7% | |
| PACs and other committees | $209,250 | 9.5% | |
| Party committees | $0 | 0.0% | |
| All other receiptstransfers, loans, refunds and offsets | $598,968 | 27.3% |
Outside spending
Independent expenditures reported by groups not tied to the campaign: $0 supporting this candidate, $0 opposing. Details on FEC.gov
More on this campaign’s money
Source: Federal Election Commission, openFEC API · filings through Oct 14, 2026
Who gave, 2025–26 election cycle
Individual contributions by size
| Contribution size | Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|---|
| $200 and under | $595,427 | 48.4% | |
| $200.01 to $499.99 | $60,106 | 4.9% | |
| $500 to $999.99 | $84,160 | 6.8% | |
| $1,000 to $1,999.99 | $128,100 | 10.4% | |
| $2,000 and over | $362,600 | 29.5% |
From the FEC’s contribution-size summary, which is compiled separately from the campaign’s totals, so these rows need not add up to the individual receipts on the Overview.
Top 10 states, itemized contributions
| State | Amount | |
|---|---|---|
| IN (home state) | $366,821 | |
| FL | $84,717 | |
| TX | $64,895 | |
| CA | $30,068 | |
| CT | $20,480 | |
| PA | $20,380 | |
| NY | $15,230 | |
| IL | $14,257 | |
| MA | $12,805 | |
| MI | $7,862 |
Top employers of individual donors
| Employer named by donors | Amount | |
|---|---|---|
| NULL | $70,750 | |
| INDIANA SPINE GROUP | $39,500 | |
| PRIME STONE GROUP, LLC | $14,000 | |
| SURGE DEVELOPMENT | $8,000 | |
| STRUCTURAL STEEL FABRICATION | $7,000 | |
| KOCH ENTERPRISES, INC | $7,000 | |
| BOWEN ENGINEERING | $7,000 | |
| GOODMAN CAMPBELL BRAIN AND SPINE / NOR | $7,000 | |
| HAMILTON ER | $7,000 | |
| OGRE HOLDINGS | $7,000 |
Contributions from individuals who listed that employer, itemized only. Companies themselves cannot give to a federal candidate’s campaign.
Entries that name no employer, as written on the filings: NONE $297,967 · SELF EMPLOYED $22,220 · RETIRED $17,206 · SELF $12,790.
Source: Federal Election Commission, openFEC API · filings through Oct 14, 2026
Personal financial disclosures
| Filed | Covers | Filing | Document |
|---|---|---|---|
| May 15, 2026 | 2025 | Annual report |
Stock trades (periodic transaction reports)
2 reports on file (2 in 2025); latest filed Apr 26, 2025.
The annual report lists assets, income and debts for the prior year and is due May 15; an extension of up to 90 days is allowed. A periodic transaction report lists a trade of more than $1,000 and is due within 45 days of it.
Source: Clerk of the House, financial disclosures · as of Oct 27, 2026
Profile
Facts from official records. The small numbers open each fact’s source.
At a glance
| Born | October 6, 19781,2 |
|---|---|
| Birthplace | Nosivka, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine1,2 |
| Home town listed | Noblesville, IN1 |
| Party | Republican1 |
| In the House since | January 3, 20212 |
Education
- B.S., international economics, National University of Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
- M.B.A., National University of Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2000
- Master of Professional Accountancy, Indiana University Kelley School of Business, Indianapolis, IN, 2006
As listed in the Congressional Directory.1
Professional history
- Business owner
- Farmer
- Adjunct professor, Indiana State University Kelley School of Business, 2013-20
- Chief financial officer, Indiana Office of the Attorney General, 2017
- Member, Indiana State Senate, 2017-20
As the member’s office lists it in the Congressional Directory, in that order.1
Biographical Directory entry
SPARTZ, Victoria, a Representative from Indiana; born in Nosivka, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine, October 6, 1978; B.S., National University of Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine; M.B.A., National University of Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2000; M.P.A, Indiana University Kelley School of Business, Bloomington, Ind. 2006; financial executive; business owner; farmer; professor, Indiana University Kelley School of Business, 2013-2020; staff, Office of the Attorney General, State of Indiana; member of the Indiana state senate, 2017-2020; elected as a Republican to the One Hundred Seventeenth and to the two succeeding Congresses (January 3, 2021-present).2
The official summary kept by the House and Senate historians, word for word.
Offices
Washington, DC
1609 Longworth House Office Building Washington DC 20515-1405
202-225-2276
Local offices
| City | Address | Phone |
|---|---|---|
| Noblesville, IN | 5540 Pebble Village Lane, Suite 400 | 317-848-0201 |
| Muncie, IN | 420 S High Street, Suite 207 | 765-639-0671 |
Office list: congress-legislators (CC0), as of Oct 27, 2026.
Sources
- Official Congressional Directory, 119th Congress (February 20, 2026 edition). U.S. Government Publishing Office for the Joint Committee on Printing.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Office of the Historian, U.S. House (History, Art & Archives).
Researched Oct 28, 2026. Each fact was checked against a saved copy of its source.