- Mr. Mike Collins
- Current Republican Representative
- Georgia District 10
- Official Website
Voting record, 119th Congress
How these are counted
Attendance is the share of roll calls held while the member was in office on which they voted Yea, Nay or Present. A party-line vote is a roll call on which a majority of Republicans voted against a majority of Democrats. Voting with the Republican majority is the share of the member’s cast votes on those roll calls that matched that majority.
Last 10 votes cast
| Date | Measure | Question | Vote | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 16, 2026 | S. 2403Retire through Ownership Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9497Water Resources Development Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9340Ratepayer Protection Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.J.Res. 213Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to the “California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Commercial Harbor Craft Regulations; Notice of Decision” | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 10326PROOF Act | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9576National Fraud Enforcement Division Act | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 5334An Act to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow early childhood educators to take the educator expense deduction, and for other purposes | On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendments | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.Con.Res. 93Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran | On Agreeing to the Resolution | Nay | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.J.Res. 210Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to “California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Ocean-Going Vessels At-Berth; Notice of Decision” | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.R. 9500Tax Relief for Fraud Victims Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
Votes against the Republican majority
| Date | Measure | Member voted | Party majority |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 21, 2026 | H.R. 8800 | Yea | Nay |
| Apr 30, 2026 | H.R. 7567 | Yea | Nay |
| Sep 3, 2025 | H.R. 4553 | Nay | Yea |
Source: Congress.gov API · through the House’s last vote, Sep 16, 2026 · House Clerk roll calls
Bills, 119th Congress
How these are counted
Sponsored counts every bill and resolution the member introduced; cosponsored excludes withdrawn cosponsorships. A cross-party cosponsorship is cosponsoring a measure whose sponsor belongs to another party. The last figure is the share of the member’s H.R. or S. bills with at least one cosponsor from another party.
Policy areas of the bills sponsored or cosponsored
| Policy area | Bills | |
|---|---|---|
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 37 | |
| Government Operations and Politics | 34 | |
| Immigration | 23 | |
| Taxation | 17 | |
| Finance and Financial Sector | 16 |
Policy areas are assigned by the Congressional Research Service, one per bill. Top five shown.
Source: GovInfo BILLSTATUS · as of Oct 27, 2026
Sponsored legislation, newest first
Includes earlier Congresses; the figures above cover the current one.
-
HR.8679 - 2026-05-07
To amend title 38, United States Code, to require the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to transmit a veteran's history of opioid prescriptions to a Community Care health care provider. -
HJRES.158 - 2026-04-21
Encouraging States to establish "Veterans Tax Relief Weekends" that coincide with Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Veterans Day, providing a practical way for communities across the country to recognize the service of veterans and members of the Armed Forces by providing financial relief to them. -
HRES.1205 - 2026-04-21
Encouraging military discounts in honor of the 250th anniversary of the United States. -
HRES.1204 - 2026-04-21
Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that as the United States marks 250 years of independence, establishing a "Veterans Appreciation Month" offers a simple but powerful way for the Nation to recognize the men and women whose service has protected American freedom for generations. -
HR.8079 - 2026-03-25
Diesel Truck Liberation Act of 2026 -
HR.5258 - 2025-09-10
Lawsuit Abuse Reduction Act of 2025 -
HR.4068 - 2025-06-23
Streamlining NEPA for Coal Act -
HR.3898 - 2025-06-11
PERMIT Act -
HR.3900 - 2025-06-11
Water Quality Technology Availability Act -
HR.3899 - 2025-06-11
Clarifying Federal General Permits Act -
HR.3679 - 2025-06-03
Small Business Artificial Intelligence Advancement Act -
HR.2662 - 2025-04-07
Staged Accident Fraud Prevention Act of 2025 -
HR.1818 - 2025-03-03
Aviation Workforce Development Act -
HR.1241 - 2025-02-12
SAFE for America Act of 2025 -
HR.1057 - 2025-02-06
Safe Passage on Interstates Act of 2025 -
HR.29 - 2025-01-03
Laken Riley Act -
HRES.1438 - 2024-09-11
Condemning the horrific shooting at Apalachee High School in Winder, Georgia, recognizing the victims, and expressing condolences and support to their families and their communities.
Votes by issue, 119th Congress
This is not a left–right score. A vote against the party can come from either side of it; the list below shows who else voted the same way.
| Issue | Votes | With the Republican majority | Against both parties | With the Democratic majority | Rank among Republicans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economics and Public Finance | 59 | 86.4% | 7 | 1 | 88th of 223 |
| Armed Forces and National Security | 56 | 83.9% | 8 | 1 | 189th of 225 |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 29 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (200) |
| Energy | 28 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (200) |
| International Affairs | 26 | 92.3% | 2 | 0 | 184th of 219 |
| Government Operations and Politics | 25 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (202) |
| Commerce | 24 | 75.0% | 6 | 0 | 197th of 220 |
| Environmental Protection | 23 | 78.3% | 5 | 0 | 187th of 219 |
| Finance and Financial Sector | 22 | 90.9% | 2 | 0 | 196th of 220 |
| Congress | 21 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (142) |
| Public Lands and Natural Resources | 20 | 90.0% | 2 | 0 | 190th of 220 |
| Immigration | 15 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (209) |
| Education | 14 | 85.7% | 2 | 0 | 163rd of 208 |
| Agriculture and Food | 13 | 76.9% | 2 | 1 | 162nd of 212 |
| Science, Technology, Communications | 12 | 75.0% | 3 | 0 | 180th of 194 |
| Other issues (15)Fewer than 10 votes each: Taxation, Transportation and Public Works, Labor and Employment, Emergency Management, Health, Law, Native Americans, Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues, Housing and Community Development, Animals, Foreign Trade and International Finance, Social Welfare, Families, Water Resources Development, Arts, Culture, Religion | 67 | 98.5% | 1 | 0 | — |
Rank: 1st = voted with the Republican majority most often on that issue, among House Republicans who cast at least 10 votes on it.
Votes against the Republican majority, by issue
Economics and Public Finance · 8
- May 15, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8469 · Making appropriations for military construction, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2027, and fo…
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 79 other Republicans. - Jan 12, 2026 · H.R. 6500 · AGOA Extension Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 42 other Republicans; 11 Democrats. - Sep 3, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4553 · Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Nay; most Republicans voted Yea, most Democrats Nay. Also voting Nay: 95 other Republicans. - Sep 3, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4553 · Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 76 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 103 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 62 other Republicans.
Armed Forces and National Security · 9
- Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 60 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 89 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 58 other Republicans; 6 Democrats: Jake Auchincloss, Shomari Figures, Chrissy Houlahan, Betty McCollum, Marilyn Strickland, George Whitesides. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 60 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 64 other Republicans. - Apr 30, 2026 · S. 4465 · To amend the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 to extend the authorities of title VII of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, and for other purposes
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 25 other Republicans; 85 Democrats. - Sep 10, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3838 · Streamlining Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 59 other Republicans. - Sep 10, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3838 · Streamlining Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 59 other Republicans.
International Affairs · 2
- May 19, 2025 · H.R. 1263 · Strengthening the Quad Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 49 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Rashida Tlaib. - May 5, 2025 · H.R. 36 · MEGOBARI Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 33 other Republicans; 8 Democrats: Henry Johnson, Summer Lee, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar, Ayanna Pressley, Delia Ramirez, Rashida Tlaib, Nydia Velázquez.
Commerce · 6
- Mar 17, 2026 · S. 3971 · Small Business Innovation and Economic Security Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 39 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher. - Jan 20, 2026 · H.R. 5764 · AI for Main Street Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 10 other Republicans; 3 Democrats: Lizzie Fletcher, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Rashida Tlaib. - Jul 14, 2025 · H.R. 1770 · Consumer Safety Technology Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 31 other Republicans; 4 Democrats: Sylvia Garcia, Jerrold Nadler, Brad Sherman, Maxine Waters. - Jun 23, 2025 · H.R. 3422 · Promoting Opportunities for Non-Traditional Capital Formation Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 86 other Republicans. - Apr 29, 2025 · H.R. 1442 · Youth Poisoning Protection Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 41 other Republicans. - Apr 28, 2025 · H.R. 973 · Setting Consumer Standards for Lithium-Ion Batteries Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 41 other Republicans.
Environmental Protection · 5
- Sep 15, 2026 · H.R. 2140 · Diesel Emissions Reduction Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 78 other Republicans. - Jun 3, 2026 · H.R. 2860 · Northwest Straits Marine Conservation Initiative Reauthorization Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 48 other Republicans. - Mar 24, 2026 · H.R. 6422 · American Water Stewardship Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 30 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher. - Jul 22, 2025 · H.R. 1917 · Great Lakes Mass Marking Program Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 56 other Republicans. - Jan 23, 2025 · H.R. 375 · Continued Rapid Ohia Death Response Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 61 other Republicans.
Finance and Financial Sector · 2
- Dec 11, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3383 · Incentivizing New Ventures and Economic Strength Through Capital Formation Act of 2025
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 52 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Sharice Davids. - Jul 23, 2025 · H.R. 3357 · Enhancing Multi-Class Share Disclosures Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 30 other Republicans.
Public Lands and Natural Resources · 2
- Mar 17, 2026 · H.R. 4294 · MAWS Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 64 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher. - May 13, 2025 · H.R. 249 · To redesignate certain facilities at Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park in honor of Congressman Bill Pascrell, Jr.
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 49 other Republicans.
Education · 2
- Mar 4, 2026 · H.R. 6472 · Territorial Student Access to Higher Education Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 70 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher. - Mar 27, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 1048 · DETERRENT Act
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 91 other Republicans.
Agriculture and Food · 3
- Apr 30, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 7567 · Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 72 other Republicans. - Apr 30, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 7567 · Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 66 other Republicans; 2 Democrats: Marie Perez, Chellie Pingree. - Mar 24, 2025 · H.R. 1326 · DOE and USDA Interagency Research Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 33 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Jesús García.
Science, Technology, Communications · 3
- Jul 15, 2025 · H.R. 1717 · Communications Security Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 31 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Ayanna Pressley. - Jul 14, 2025 · H.R. 1709 · Understanding Cybersecurity of Mobile Networks Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 9 other Republicans. - Mar 25, 2025 · H.R. 1534 · IMPACT Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 72 other Republicans.
Foreign Trade and International Finance · 1
- Jan 12, 2026 · H.R. 6504 · Haiti Economic Lift Program Extension Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 44 other Republicans.
How these are counted
Each roll call takes the policy area the Library of Congress gave the bill it is about; a vote on an amendment counts under its bill. 468 of the House’s 676 roll calls this Congress have an issue. Left out as procedural (208): votes on House rules and the previous question, motions to recommit or adjourn, quorum calls and the Speaker election. “With the Republican majority” counts every issue vote on which most Republicans voted the same way, Yea or Nay. “Against both parties” = most Republicans and most Democrats voted one way and this member the other. “With the Democratic majority” = a party-line vote (most of each party on opposite sides) on which this member sided with the Democrats. Independents count with the party they caucus with.
Source: votes: Congress.gov API / Clerk of the House · issue areas: Library of Congress policy areas · votes through Sep 16, 2026
Committee assignments
| Committee | Role | Side | Seniority rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| House Committee on Natural Resources | Member | Majority | 14 |
| Energy and Mineral Resources | Member | Majority | 9 |
| Oversight and Investigations | Member | Majority | 3 |
| House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure | Member | Majority | 19 |
| Water Resources and Environment | Chairman | Majority | 1 |
| Highways and Transit | Member | Majority | 15 |
| House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology | Member | Majority | 11 |
| Space and Aeronautics | Member | Majority | 4 |
Seniority rank is the member’s order among their own party’s members on that committee; 1 is the most senior.
Source: congress-legislators (CC0) · as of Oct 27, 2026
Floor remarks, 119th Congress
A day can hold several Record items, so the item counts can exceed the days. Extensions of Remarks are statements a House member submits for the Record rather than speaks on the floor.
Source: GovInfo Congressional Record · Record issues through Oct 22, 2026
Loading their remarks from the Congressional Record…
| Congress | Years | Chamber | Role | State | District |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 119th Congress | 2025–present | House of Representatives | Representative | Georgia (GA) | 10 |
| 118th Congress | 2023–2025 | House of Representatives | Representative | Georgia (GA) | 10 |
Elections
Elected to the 118th Congress on November 8, 2022; reelected to the 119th Congress on November 5, 2024.1
The election history as listed in the Congressional Directory.
Sources
- Official Congressional Directory, 119th Congress (February 20, 2026 edition). U.S. Government Publishing Office for the Joint Committee on Printing.
Researched Oct 28, 2026. Each fact was checked against a saved copy of its source.
Campaign money, 2025–26 election cycle
Where the money came from
| Source | Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals, itemizeddonors giving more than $200 in the cycle, named in filings | $4,021,244 | 37.7% | |
| Individuals, unitemized$200 or less in the cycle, not named | $3,045,948 | 28.5% | |
| PACs and other committees | $675,575 | 6.3% | |
| Party committees | $0 | 0.0% | |
| All other receiptstransfers, loans, refunds and offsets | $2,936,510 | 27.5% |
Outside spending
Independent expenditures reported by groups not tied to the campaign: $506,700 supporting this candidate, $853,401 opposing. Details on FEC.gov
More on this campaign’s money
Source: Federal Election Commission, openFEC API · filings through Oct 14, 2026
Who gave, 2025–26 election cycle
Individual contributions by size
| Contribution size | Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|---|
| $200 and under | $3.83M | 54.6% | |
| $200.01 to $499.99 | $0.18M | 2.6% | |
| $500 to $999.99 | $0.19M | 2.7% | |
| $1,000 to $1,999.99 | $0.38M | 5.4% | |
| $2,000 and over | $2.44M | 34.8% |
From the FEC’s contribution-size summary, which is compiled separately from the campaign’s totals, so these rows need not add up to the individual receipts on the Overview.
Top 10 states, itemized contributions
| State | Amount | |
|---|---|---|
| GA (home state) | $2.42M | |
| FL | $0.27M | |
| TX | $0.23M | |
| CA | $0.16M | |
| IL | $0.07M | |
| TN | $0.06M | |
| NY | $0.05M | |
| NC | $0.05M | |
| OH | $0.05M | |
| SC | $0.05M |
Top employers of individual donors
| Employer named by donors | Amount | |
|---|---|---|
| NULL | $319,409 | |
| CBP ENVIRONMENTAL | $42,000 | |
| CEO | $24,744 | |
| ARYLESSENCE | $24,500 | |
| BRENT SCARBROUGH COMPANY | $21,000 | |
| POETTKER CONSTRUCTION | $21,000 | |
| FARMERS AND MERCHANTS BANK | $21,000 | |
| OWNER | $18,274 | |
| FOUTS BROS INC | $17,500 | |
| BLACKSTONE | $17,500 |
Contributions from individuals who listed that employer, itemized only. Companies themselves cannot give to a federal candidate’s campaign.
Entries that name no employer, as written on the filings: NONE $612,212 · RETIRED $607,495 · INFORMATION REQUESTED $328,550 · SELF-EMPLOYED $92,109 · SELF $59,042 · SELF EMPLOYED $51,749 · HOMEMAKER $15,955.
Source: Federal Election Commission, openFEC API · filings through Oct 14, 2026
Personal financial disclosures
Stock trades (periodic transaction reports)
12 reports on file (11 in 2025, 1 in 2026); latest filed Jan 20, 2026.
| Filed | Document |
|---|---|
| Jan 20, 2026 | |
| Sep 2, 2025 | |
| Jul 19, 2025 | |
| Jul 7, 2025 | |
| Jun 5, 2025 | |
| Jun 2, 2025 | |
| May 1, 2025 | |
| Apr 11, 2025 | |
| Mar 12, 2025 | |
| Feb 21, 2025 | |
| Feb 2, 2025 | |
| Jan 1, 2025 |
The annual report lists assets, income and debts for the prior year and is due May 15; an extension of up to 90 days is allowed. A periodic transaction report lists a trade of more than $1,000 and is due within 45 days of it.
Source: Clerk of the House, financial disclosures · as of Oct 27, 2026
Profile
Facts from official records. The small numbers open each fact’s source.
At a glance
| Born | July 2, 19671,2 |
|---|---|
| Birthplace | Jackson, GA1,2 |
| Home town listed | Jackson, GA1 |
| Party | Republican1 |
| In the House since | January 3, 20232 |
Education
- B.B.A., Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 1990
As listed in the Congressional Directory.1
Professional history
- Business owner
- Trucking company executive
As the member’s office lists it in the Congressional Directory, in that order; the Directory gives no dates.1
Biographical Directory entry
COLLINS, Mike, (son of Michael Allen Collins), a Representative from Georgia; born in Jackson, Butts County, Ga., July 2, 1967; graduated from Piedmont Academy, Monticello, Ga., 1985; B.B.A., Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga., 1990; business owner; trucking company executive; unsuccessful candidate for nomination to the One Hundred Fourteenth Congress in 2014; elected as a Republican to the One Hundred Eighteenth and to the succeeding Congress (January 3, 2023-present).2
The official summary kept by the House and Senate historians, word for word.
Offices
Washington, DC
2351 Rayburn House Office Building Washington DC 20515-1010
202-225-4101
Local office
| City | Address | Phone |
|---|---|---|
| Monroe, GA | 100 Court St. | 770-207-1776 |
Office list: congress-legislators (CC0), as of Oct 27, 2026.
Sources
- Official Congressional Directory, 119th Congress (February 20, 2026 edition). U.S. Government Publishing Office for the Joint Committee on Printing.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Office of the Historian, U.S. House (History, Art & Archives).
Researched Oct 28, 2026. Each fact was checked against a saved copy of its source.