- Mr. Ben Cline
- Current Republican Representative
- Virginia District 06
- Official Website
Voting record, 119th Congress
How these are counted
Attendance is the share of roll calls held while the member was in office on which they voted Yea, Nay or Present. A party-line vote is a roll call on which a majority of Republicans voted against a majority of Democrats. Voting with the Republican majority is the share of the member’s cast votes on those roll calls that matched that majority.
Last 10 votes cast
| Date | Measure | Question | Vote | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sep 16, 2026 | S. 2403Retire through Ownership Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9497Water Resources Development Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9340Ratepayer Protection Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.J.Res. 213Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to the “California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Commercial Harbor Craft Regulations; Notice of Decision” | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 10326PROOF Act | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 9576National Fraud Enforcement Division Act | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 16, 2026 | H.R. 5334An Act to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow early childhood educators to take the educator expense deduction, and for other purposes | On Motion to Concur in the Senate Amendments | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.Con.Res. 93Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove United States Armed Forces from hostilities with Iran | On Agreeing to the Resolution | Nay | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.J.Res. 210Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to “California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Ocean-Going Vessels At-Berth; Notice of Decision” | On Passage | Yea | Passed |
| Sep 15, 2026 | H.R. 9500Tax Relief for Fraud Victims Act | On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended | Yea | Passed |
Votes against the Republican majority
| Date | Measure | Member voted | Party majority |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 21, 2026 | H.R. 8800 | Yea | Nay |
| May 13, 2026 | H.R. 1346Nationwide Consumer and Fuel Retailer Choice Act | Nay | Yea |
| Apr 30, 2026 | H.R. 7567 | Yea | Nay |
| Sep 10, 2025 | H.R. 3838 | Yea | Nay |
Source: Congress.gov API · through the House’s last vote, Sep 16, 2026 · House Clerk roll calls
Bills, 119th Congress
How these are counted
Sponsored counts every bill and resolution the member introduced; cosponsored excludes withdrawn cosponsorships. A cross-party cosponsorship is cosponsoring a measure whose sponsor belongs to another party. The last figure is the share of the member’s H.R. or S. bills with at least one cosponsor from another party.
Policy areas of the bills sponsored or cosponsored
| Policy area | Bills | |
|---|---|---|
| Government Operations and Politics | 36 | |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 35 | |
| International Affairs | 28 | |
| Immigration | 28 | |
| Taxation | 27 |
Policy areas are assigned by the Congressional Research Service, one per bill. Top five shown.
Source: GovInfo BILLSTATUS · as of Oct 27, 2026
Sponsored legislation, newest first
Includes earlier Congresses; the figures above cover the current one.
-
HR.10843 - 2026-10-19
VACRA -
HR.10016 - 2026-08-03
Veterans Entrepreneurship Act of 2026 -
HR.9701 - 2026-07-15
Daughters of the American Revolution Membership Integrity Act. -
HR.8787 - 2026-05-13
Servicemember Payment Data Privacy and Security Act -
HR.8569 - 2026-04-29
No Bias in the Baseline Act -
HR.8570 - 2026-04-29
Cost Estimate Clarity Act -
HR.8077 - 2026-03-25
287(g) Cooperation Act of 2026 -
HR.7900 - 2026-03-12
Protecting Access to American Products Act -
HR.7730 - 2026-02-26
Bankruptcy Threshold Adjustment Act -
HR.7687 - 2026-02-25
No Tax on Takings Act -
HR.4642 - 2025-07-23
Fiscal Contingency Preparedness Act -
HR.422 - 2025-01-15
No Subsidies for Wealthy Universities Act -
HR.417 - 2025-01-15
End U.N. Censorship Act -
HR.418 - 2025-01-15
Ensuring Accountability in Agency Rulemaking Act -
HR.404 - 2025-01-15
Hearing Protection Act -
HR.420 - 2025-01-15
Federal Grant Accountability Act -
HR.419 - 2025-01-15
Protecting America From Spies Act -
HR.416 - 2025-01-15
No Welfare for the Wealthy Act of 2025 -
HR.421 - 2025-01-15
Small Business Regulatory Flexibility Improvements Act -
HR.384 - 2025-01-14
One Agency Act
Votes by issue, 119th Congress
This is not a left–right score. A vote against the party can come from either side of it; the list below shows who else voted the same way.
| Issue | Votes | With the Republican majority | Against both parties | With the Democratic majority | Rank among Republicans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economics and Public Finance | 59 | 84.8% | 9 | 0 | 100th of 223 |
| Armed Forces and National Security | 57 | 84.2% | 7 | 2 | 185th of 225 |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 29 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (200) |
| Energy | 28 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (200) |
| Government Operations and Politics | 27 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (202) |
| International Affairs | 26 | 92.3% | 2 | 0 | 184th of 219 |
| Commerce | 25 | 80.0% | 5 | 0 | 186th of 220 |
| Environmental Protection | 25 | 76.0% | 5 | 1 | 189th of 219 |
| Public Lands and Natural Resources | 24 | 91.7% | 2 | 0 | 171st of 220 |
| Finance and Financial Sector | 23 | 91.3% | 2 | 0 | 186th of 220 |
| Congress | 22 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (142) |
| Immigration | 15 | 100.0% | 0 | 0 | Tied for 1st (209) |
| Education | 14 | 92.9% | 1 | 0 | 96th of 208 |
| Agriculture and Food | 13 | 76.9% | 2 | 1 | 162nd of 212 |
| Other issues (16)Fewer than 10 votes each: Science, Technology, Communications, Taxation, Transportation and Public Works, Emergency Management, Labor and Employment, Health, Law, Native Americans, Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues, Housing and Community Development, Animals, Foreign Trade and International Finance, Social Welfare, Families, Water Resources Development, Arts, Culture, Religion | 76 | 96.1% | 3 | 0 | — |
Rank: 1st = voted with the Republican majority most often on that issue, among House Republicans who cast at least 10 votes on it.
Votes against the Republican majority, by issue
Economics and Public Finance · 9
- Jul 15, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8595 · Making appropriations for national security, Department of State, and related programs for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2027, and for other purposes.
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 78 other Republicans. - May 15, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8469 · Making appropriations for military construction, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2027, and fo…
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 79 other Republicans. - Jan 12, 2026 · H.R. 6500 · AGOA Extension Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 42 other Republicans; 11 Democrats. - Sep 4, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4553 · Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - Sep 3, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4553 · Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 76 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 103 other Republicans. - Jul 18, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 4016 · Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 62 other Republicans.
Armed Forces and National Security · 9
- Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 75 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 60 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 89 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 58 other Republicans; 6 Democrats: Jake Auchincloss, Shomari Figures, Chrissy Houlahan, Betty McCollum, Marilyn Strickland, George Whitesides. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 60 other Republicans. - Jul 21, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 8800 · National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2027
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 64 other Republicans. - Sep 10, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3838 · Streamlining Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 59 other Republicans. - Sep 10, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3838 · Streamlining Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 59 other Republicans. - Sep 10, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3838 · Streamlining Procurement for Effective Execution and Delivery and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 48 other Republicans.
International Affairs · 2
- May 19, 2025 · H.R. 1263 · Strengthening the Quad Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 49 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Rashida Tlaib. - May 5, 2025 · H.R. 36 · MEGOBARI Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 33 other Republicans; 8 Democrats: Henry Johnson, Summer Lee, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar, Ayanna Pressley, Delia Ramirez, Rashida Tlaib, Nydia Velázquez.
Commerce · 5
- Mar 17, 2026 · S. 3971 · Small Business Innovation and Economic Security Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 39 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher. - Jul 14, 2025 · H.R. 1770 · Consumer Safety Technology Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 31 other Republicans; 4 Democrats: Sylvia Garcia, Jerrold Nadler, Brad Sherman, Maxine Waters. - Jun 23, 2025 · H.R. 3422 · Promoting Opportunities for Non-Traditional Capital Formation Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 86 other Republicans. - Apr 29, 2025 · H.R. 1442 · Youth Poisoning Protection Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 41 other Republicans. - Apr 28, 2025 · H.R. 973 · Setting Consumer Standards for Lithium-Ion Batteries Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 41 other Republicans.
Environmental Protection · 6
- Sep 15, 2026 · H.R. 2140 · Diesel Emissions Reduction Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 78 other Republicans. - Sep 14, 2026 · H.R. 3276 · Local Communities & Bird Habitat Stewardship Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 59 other Republicans. - Jun 3, 2026 · H.R. 2860 · Northwest Straits Marine Conservation Initiative Reauthorization Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 48 other Republicans. - May 13, 2026 · H.R. 1346 · Nationwide Consumer and Fuel Retailer Choice Act
Voted Nay; most Republicans voted Yea, most Democrats Nay. Also voting Nay: 89 other Republicans. - Jul 22, 2025 · H.R. 1917 · Great Lakes Mass Marking Program Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 56 other Republicans. - Jan 23, 2025 · H.R. 375 · Continued Rapid Ohia Death Response Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 61 other Republicans.
Public Lands and Natural Resources · 2
- Mar 17, 2026 · H.R. 4294 · MAWS Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 64 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Lizzie Fletcher. - May 13, 2025 · H.R. 249 · To redesignate certain facilities at Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park in honor of Congressman Bill Pascrell, Jr.
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 49 other Republicans.
Finance and Financial Sector · 2
- Dec 11, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 3383 · Incentivizing New Ventures and Economic Strength Through Capital Formation Act of 2025
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 52 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Sharice Davids. - Jul 23, 2025 · H.R. 3357 · Enhancing Multi-Class Share Disclosures Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 30 other Republicans.
Education · 1
- Mar 27, 2025 · Amendment to H.R. 1048 · DETERRENT Act
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 91 other Republicans.
Agriculture and Food · 3
- Apr 30, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 7567 · Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026
Voted Yea; most Republicans voted Nay, most Democrats Yea. Also voting Yea: 72 other Republicans. - Apr 30, 2026 · Amendment to H.R. 7567 · Farm, Food, and National Security Act of 2026
Voted Yea; most of both parties voted Nay. Also voting Yea: 66 other Republicans; 2 Democrats: Marie Perez, Chellie Pingree. - Mar 24, 2025 · H.R. 1326 · DOE and USDA Interagency Research Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 33 other Republicans; 1 Democrat: Jesús García.
Science, Technology, Communications · 1
- Mar 25, 2025 · H.R. 1534 · IMPACT Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 72 other Republicans.
Emergency Management · 1
- Nov 19, 2025 · H.R. 4058 · Enhancing Stakeholder Support and Outreach for Preparedness Grants Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 44 other Republicans.
Animals · 1
- Feb 4, 2025 · H.R. 776 · Nutria Eradication and Control Reauthorization Act
Voted Nay; most of both parties voted Yea. Also voting Nay: 55 other Republicans.
How these are counted
Each roll call takes the policy area the Library of Congress gave the bill it is about; a vote on an amendment counts under its bill. 468 of the House’s 676 roll calls this Congress have an issue. Left out as procedural (208): votes on House rules and the previous question, motions to recommit or adjourn, quorum calls and the Speaker election. “With the Republican majority” counts every issue vote on which most Republicans voted the same way, Yea or Nay. “Against both parties” = most Republicans and most Democrats voted one way and this member the other. “With the Democratic majority” = a party-line vote (most of each party on opposite sides) on which this member sided with the Democrats. Independents count with the party they caucus with.
Source: votes: Congress.gov API / Clerk of the House · issue areas: Library of Congress policy areas · votes through Sep 16, 2026
Committee assignments
| Committee | Role | Side | Seniority rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| House Committee on the Judiciary | Member | Majority | 9 |
| Courts, Intellectual Property, Artificial Intelligence, and the Internet | Member | Majority | 4 |
| The Administrative State, Regulatory Reform, and Antitrust | Member | Majority | 3 |
| House Committee on Appropriations | Member | Majority | 17 |
| Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies | Member | Majority | 7 |
| Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies | Member | Majority | 3 |
| House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence | Member | Majority | 12 |
| Defense Intelligence and Overhead Architecture | Member | Majority | 3 |
| National Security Agency and Cyber | Member | Majority | 6 |
| House Committee on the Budget | Member | Majority | 7 |
Seniority rank is the member’s order among their own party’s members on that committee; 1 is the most senior.
Source: congress-legislators (CC0) · as of Oct 27, 2026
Floor remarks, 119th Congress
A day can hold several Record items, so the item counts can exceed the days. Extensions of Remarks are statements a House member submits for the Record rather than speaks on the floor.
Source: GovInfo Congressional Record · Record issues through Oct 22, 2026
Loading their remarks from the Congressional Record…
| Congress | Years | Chamber | Role | State | District |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 119th Congress | 2025–present | House of Representatives | Representative | Virginia (VA) | 6 |
| 118th Congress | 2023–2025 | House of Representatives | Representative | Virginia (VA) | 6 |
| 117th Congress | 2021–2023 | House of Representatives | Representative | Virginia (VA) | 6 |
| 116th Congress | 2019–2021 | House of Representatives | Representative | Virginia (VA) | 6 |
Elections
Elected to the 116th Congress on November 6, 2018; reelected to each succeeding Congress.1
The election history as listed in the Congressional Directory.
Sources
- Official Congressional Directory, 119th Congress (February 20, 2026 edition). U.S. Government Publishing Office for the Joint Committee on Printing.
Researched Oct 28, 2026. Each fact was checked against a saved copy of its source.
Campaign money, 2025–26 election cycle
Where the money came from
| Source | Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals, itemizeddonors giving more than $200 in the cycle, named in filings | $903,386 | 47.3% | |
| Individuals, unitemized$200 or less in the cycle, not named | $81,034 | 4.2% | |
| PACs and other committees | $780,867 | 40.9% | |
| Party committees | $0 | 0.0% | |
| All other receiptstransfers, loans, refunds and offsets | $143,002 | 7.5% |
Outside spending
Independent expenditures reported by groups not tied to the campaign: $6,848 supporting this candidate, $0 opposing. Details on FEC.gov
More on this campaign’s money
Source: Federal Election Commission, openFEC API · filings through Oct 14, 2026
Who gave, 2025–26 election cycle
Individual contributions by size
| Contribution size | Amount | Share | |
|---|---|---|---|
| $200 and under | $88,567 | 10.0% | |
| $200.01 to $499.99 | $18,851 | 2.1% | |
| $500 to $999.99 | $78,446 | 8.9% | |
| $1,000 to $1,999.99 | $158,218 | 17.9% | |
| $2,000 and over | $537,631 | 61.0% |
From the FEC’s contribution-size summary, which is compiled separately from the campaign’s totals, so these rows need not add up to the individual receipts on the Overview.
Top 10 states, itemized contributions
| State | Amount | |
|---|---|---|
| VA (home state) | $612,366 | |
| NY | $31,241 | |
| TX | $24,139 | |
| CA | $21,978 | |
| FL | $21,488 | |
| DC | $20,500 | |
| TN | $17,000 | |
| MD | $12,488 | |
| IL | $7,000 | |
| AR | $7,000 |
Top employers of individual donors
| Employer named by donors | Amount | |
|---|---|---|
| NULL | $11,000 | |
| GLOBAL TECHNICAL SYSTEMS | $8,000 | |
| ALTRIA | $8,000 | |
| KALSHI | $7,116 | |
| ULINE | $7,000 | |
| A MORTON THOMAS & ASSOCIATES | $7,000 | |
| PARTNERS IN FINANCIAL PLANNING LLC | $7,000 | |
| GENWORTH FINANCIAL | $7,000 | |
| MCGUIRE WOODS LLP | $7,000 | |
| CHARTWELL STRATEGIES | $7,000 |
Contributions from individuals who listed that employer, itemized only. Companies themselves cannot give to a federal candidate’s campaign.
Entries that name no employer, as written on the filings: NONE $159,155 · RETIRED $78,785 · SELF EMPLOYED $30,735.
Source: Federal Election Commission, openFEC API · filings through Oct 14, 2026
Personal financial disclosures
Stock trades (periodic transaction reports)
None filed in 2025 or 2026.
The annual report lists assets, income and debts for the prior year and is due May 15; an extension of up to 90 days is allowed. A periodic transaction report lists a trade of more than $1,000 and is due within 45 days of it.
Source: Clerk of the House, financial disclosures · as of Oct 27, 2026
Profile
Facts from official records. The small numbers open each fact’s source.
At a glance
| Born | February 29, 19721,2 |
|---|---|
| Birthplace | Stillwater, OK1,2 |
| Home town listed | Fincastle, VA1 |
| Party | Republican1 |
| In the House since | January 3, 20192 |
Education
- B.A., political science and government, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, 1994
- J.D., University of Richmond Law School, Richmond, VA, 2007
As listed in the Congressional Directory.1
Professional history
- Staffer, U.S. Representative Bob Goodlatte, 1994-2002
- Marketing consultant, 2003-07
- Assistant commonwealth's attorney, Rockingham County, 2007-13
- Attorney, private practice, 2013-18
- Member, Virginia House of Delegates, 2002-18
As the member’s office lists it in the Congressional Directory, in that order.1
Biographical Directory entry
CLINE, Benjamin, a Representative from Virginia; born in Stillwater, Payne County, Okla., February 29, 1972; graduated from Lexington High School, Lexington, Va., 1990; B.A., Bates College, Lewiston, Me., 1994; J.D., University of Richmond Law School, Richmond, Va., 2007; staff, United States Representative Bob Goodlatte of Virginia, 1994-2002; marketing consultant, 2002-2007; assistant commonwealth's attorney, Rockingham County, Va., 2007-2013; member of the Virginia state house of delegates, 2002-2018; lawyer, private practice; elected as a Republican to the One Hundred Sixteenth and to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 2019-present); one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 2024 to conduct the impeachment proceedings of Alejandro N. Mayorkas, United States Secretary of Homeland Security.2
The official summary kept by the House and Senate historians, word for word.
Offices
Washington, DC
2443 Rayburn House Office Building Washington DC 20515-4606
202-225-5431
Local offices
| City | Address | Phone |
|---|---|---|
| Harrisonburg, VA | 70 N Mason St, Suite 110 | 540-432-2391 |
| Roanoke, VA | 10 Franklin Rd SE, Suite 510 | 540-857-2672 |
| Staunton, VA | 117 S Lewis St, Suite 215 | 540-885-3861 |
| Winchester, VA | 100 N. Loudoun St., Suite 120 | 540-546-0876 |
Office list: congress-legislators (CC0), as of Oct 27, 2026.
Sources
- Official Congressional Directory, 119th Congress (February 20, 2026 edition). U.S. Government Publishing Office for the Joint Committee on Printing.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Office of the Historian, U.S. House (History, Art & Archives).
Researched Oct 28, 2026. Each fact was checked against a saved copy of its source.